The motivation of these jailbreaks was the organization's belief that school was where the youth were oppressed by the system and where they learned to tolerate society's faults instead of rise against them. WUO members Judith Bissell, Thomas Justesen, Leslie Mullin, and Marc Curtis pleaded guilty while Van Lydegraf, who helped write the 1974 Prairie Fire Manifesto, went to trial. ... and today’s growing anti-racist movements can still learn from their guiding ... “The Weather Underground” is streaming on Amazon Prime Video. [30], The thesis of Weatherman theory, as expounded in its founding document, You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows, was that "the main struggle going on in the world today is between U.S. imperialism and the national liberation struggles against it",[31] based on Lenin's theory of imperialism, first expounded in 1916 in Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. As historian Dan Berger writes, Weather raised the question "what does it means to be a white person opposing racism and imperialism? [128][129] [16] For Jacobs, the goal of the "Days of Rage" was clear: Weatherman would shove the war down their dumb, fascist throats and show them, while we were at it, how much better we were than them, both tactically and strategically, as a people. Media reports listed them as former Weatherman Underground members[132] considered the "last gasps" of the Weather Underground. Three members of the group were killed in an accidental Greenwich Village townhouse explosion, but none were killed in any of the bombings. House. You can delete your account at any time from your member settings. Gelbard vs. United States, 408 U.S. 41, 92 S.Ct. About 300 protesters marched through The Loop, Chicago's main business district, watched by a double-line of heavily armed police. Charges were dropped for Ayers. Get the forecast for today, tonight & tomorrow's weather for Springfield, OH. (1976) Weather underground organization. [146][147] Ayers said in a 2001 New York Times interview, "I don't regret setting bombs". [62] [9][76], On October 10, the Weatherman attempted to regroup and resume their demonstrations. “Novick is former member of the Weather Underground terrorist group. [37], FBI analysis of the travel history of the founders and initial followers of the organization emphasized contacts with foreign governments, particularly the Cuban and North Vietnamese and their influence on the ideology of the organization. Rudd was fined $4,000 and received two years' probation. Two low-level Weather Underground members—not leadership—were arrested on April 15, 1970, after being set up for a meeting by Larry Grathwohl. The most well-publicized of these tactics were the "black-bag jobs," referring to searches conducted in the homes of relatives and acquaintances of Weatherman. The explosion was preceded by a warning about six minutes prior to the detonation and was followed by a WUO claim of responsibility. [2] An FBI report stated that they had enough explosives to "level… both sides of the street". Within months Weatherman made its way into headlines and the public imagination. Weather Underground members Diana Oughton, Ted Gold, Terry Robbins, Cathy Wilkerson, and Kathy Boudin were making bombs in a Greenwich Village townhouse on March 6, 1970 when one of the bombs detonated. The U.S. government states that years after the dissolution of the Weather Underground, three former members, Kathy Boudin, Judith Alice Clark, and David Gilbert, joined the May 19 Communist Organization, and on October 20, 1981 in Nanuet, New York, the group helped the Black Liberation Army rob a Brink's armored truck containing $1.6 million. [59], Life in the collectives could be particularly hard for women, who made up about half the members. [126] An FBI estimate in 1976, or slightly later, of then current membership was down to 30 or fewer. By using this title the Weathermen meant, partially, to appeal to the segment of U.S. youth inspired to action for social justice by Dylan's songs. A place to ask other members for advice about buying a weather station. ), 67. Ortiz, Roxanne Dunbar. The New York City collective was led by Jacobs and Terry Robbins, and included Ted Gold, Kathy Boudin, Cathy Wilkerson (Robbins' girlfriend), and Diana Oughton. [96], In October 1970, Bernardine Dohrn was put on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted List. This was advertised to "Bring the war home!" arrow-right The bomb was planted by members of the Weather Underground, an anti-war group that claimed responsibility for a series of bomb attacks in the early 1970s. Former Weather Underground member Mark Rudd admitted that the group intended to target people prior to the accidental town house explosion. It was originally called the Weathermen. Join Weather Underground. The largest event of the Days of Rage took place on Friday, October 9, when RYM II led an interracial march of 2,000 people through a Spanish-speaking part of Chicago. [90] The communiqué included taunts towards the FBI, daring them to try to find the group, whose members were spread throughout the United States. The FBI placed the Weather Underground organization on the ten most-wanted list by the end of 1970. The Weather Underground was referred to as a terrorist group by articles in The New York Times, United Press International, and Time Magazine. A former member of the Weather Underground, she served sixteen years in federal prison before being pardoned by President Bill Clinton in 2001. [6] The Weathermen strongly sympathized with the radical Black Panther Party. [6], In the 1970s, the WUO conducted a bombing campaign targeting government buildings and several banks. Today we uncover a fourth major contributor, a Clinton pardoned member of the Weather Underground, S usan Rosenberg. After the summer of 1969 fragmentation of SDS, Weatherman's adherents explicitly claimed themselves the real leaders of SDS and retained control of the SDS National Office. [6] The group began striking at night, bombing empty offices, with warnings always issued in advance to ensure a safe evacuation. Berger, Dan, "Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity," AK Press: Oakland, California, 2006, Jacobs, Ron The Way the Wind Blew: A History of the Weather Underground, 1997, p. 19. Varon, J. Over the next five days, the participants met in informal groups to discuss what "going underground" meant, how best to organize collectives, and justifications for violence. [22], Some members remained underground and joined splinter radical groups. [103][104][105][citation needed] The decisions in these cases led directly to the subsequent resignation of FBI Director, L. Patrick Gray, and the federal indictments of W. Mark Felt or "Deep Throat" and Edwin Miller and which, earlier, was the factor leading to the removal of federal "most-wanted" status against members of the Weather Underground leadership in 1973. [9][21][22][23][24], The War Council ended with a major speech by John Jacobs. The collectives set up under the Weather Bureau drew their design from Che Guevara's foco theory, which focused on the building of small, semi-autonomous cells guided by a central leadership. Certain feminist political beliefs had to be disavowed or muted and the women had to prove, regardless of prior activist credentials, that they were as capable as men in engaging in political action as part of "women's cadres", which were felt to be driven by coerced machismo and failed to promote genuine solidarity amongst the women. According to Bill Ayers in the late 1970s, the Weatherman group further split into two factions—the May 19th Communist Organization and the Prairie Fire Collective—with Bernardine Dohrn and Bill Ayers in the latter. For the weather forecasting service, see, American far-left militant organization, 1969–77, Anti-imperialism, anti-racism, and white privilege, Plot to bomb office of California Senator, Frost, Jennifer (2001). Charles Manson was an obsession with the group and Bernardine Dohrn claimed he truly understood the iniquity of white America, with the Manson family being praised for the murder of Sharon Tate; Dorn's cell subsequently made its salute a four-fingered gesture that represented the "fork" used to stab Tate. A former member of the Weather Underground, she served sixteen years in federal prison before being pardoned by President Bill Clinton in 2001. In 1973, the FBI established the "Special Target Information Development" program, where agents were sent undercover to penetrate the Weather Underground. They were making the bombs in order to kill Army soldiers and non-commissioned officers (NCO) who would be attending an NCO dance at Fort Dix, and to randomly kill people in Butler Library at Columbia University. The documentary may not necessarily be relevant in today's apathetic college climate (well, as long as colleges don't take away their file sharing), but it does present some interesting questions. They "set the terms for class struggle in America ..."[33] The role of the "Revolutionary Youth Movement" is to build a centralized organization of revolutionaries, a "Marxist–Leninist Party" supported by a mass revolutionary movement to support international liberation movements and "open another battlefield of the revolution. FBI agents Richard J. Gianotti and William D. Reagan lost their cover in November when federal judges needed their testimony to issue warrants for the arrest of Clayton Van Lydegraf and four Weather people. [71], Shortly before the Days of Rage demonstrations on October 6, 1969,[72] the Weatherman planted a bomb which blew up a statue in Chicago commemorating the deaths of police officers during the 1886 Haymarket Riot. Today we uncover a fourth major contributor, a Clinton pardoned member of the Weather Underground, Susan Rosenberg. The sessions were used to ridicule and bully those who didn't agree with the party line and force them into acceptance. Verso. 352, H.R. [citation needed], In 2003, Weather Underground members stated in interviews that they had wanted to convince the American public that the United States was truly responsible for the calamity in Vietnam. [100] Bernardine Dohrn was removed from the FBI's Ten Most Wanted List on 7 December 1973. We are the incubation of your mother's nightmare. She was and is a domestic terrorist allied with Bill Ayers, Barack Obama’s colleague for three years at Annenberg. One of the factors that contributed to the radicalization of SDS members was the Economic Research and Action Project that the SDS undertook in Northern urban neighborhoods from 1963 to 1968. The arrests were the results of the infiltration. [122] Felt and Miller appealed the verdict, and they were later pardoned by Ronald Reagan.[123]. At college campuses throughout the country, anger against "the Establishment's" practices prompted both peaceful and violent protest. Rather it is akin to the Red Guard in China, based on the full participation and involvement of masses of people in the practice of making revolution; a movement with a full willingness to participate in the violent and illegal struggle. This meant that many members would go underground, many would leave the group, and some would operate as aboveground supporters. [48] Weather denounced other political theories of the time as "objectively racist" if they did not side with the international proletariat; such political theories, they argued, needed to be "smashed". Please read these terms carefully. [92] Then on June 9, 1970, their first publicly acknowledged bombing occurred at a New York City police station,[93]. Kids know the lines are drawn: revolution is touching all of our lives. Beginning in 1974, the organization's express political goal was to create a revolutionary party to overthrow American imperialism. [2] The WUO took part in domestic attacks such as the jailbreak of Timothy Leary in 1970. [108] Additionally, the illegal domestic spying conducted by the CIA in collaboration with the FBI also lessened the legal repercussions for Weatherman turning themselves in. [66], Berger explains the controversy surrounding recruitment strategies saying, "As an organizing strategy it was less than successful: white working class youths were more alienated than organized by Weather's spectacles, and even some of those interested in the group were turned off by its early hi-jinks. The aftermath of an explosion in Greenwich Village on March 6, 1970, in which three members of the Weather Underground were killed while they were constructing a bomb. One member described him as possessing “a Santa Claus twinkle in his eye that inspired confidence.” A decisive factor in Dohrn's coming out of hiding were her concerns about her children. Congress. And we were going to kick ass. The police killing of Panther Fred Hampton prompted the Weatherman to issue a declaration of war upon the United States government. The number of young citizens set the stage for a widespread revolt against perceived structures of racism, sexism, and classism, the violence of the Vietnam War and America's interventions abroad. [1] The following is a list of some of the members of Weatherman. Weathermen leader Mark Rudd claims he too was supposed to be at this meeting but sensed a possible trap … [22] Bernardine Dohrn and Bill Ayers turned themselves in on December 3, 1980, in New York, with substantial media coverage. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mi2G28ZcmvsC&pg=PA243 243. Get the forecast for today, tonight & tomorrow's weather for Prattville, AL. If you sit in your house, live your white life and go to your white job, and allow the country that you live in to murder people and to commit genocide, and you sit there and you don't do anything about it, that's violence. They smashed the windows of a bank and those of many cars. "[78] This decision was made in response to increased pressure from law enforcement,[79] and a belief that underground guerilla warfare was the best way to combat the U.S. Small, well-constructed time bombs were used, generally in vents in restrooms, which exploded at times the spaces were empty. This limited the Weather Underground’s ability to communicate with the mainstream culture. The Weather Underground hoped to create underground collectives in major cities throughout the country. Meanwhile, the Weathermen’s activities continued throughout 1970 as the group detonated bombs in the National Guard Association building, the Marin County, California courthouse, a Queens, New York traffic-court building, and a Long Island City, New York … This Supreme Court decision would hamper any prosecution of the WUO cases. Weather members aimed to mobilize people into action against the established leaders of the nation and the patterns of injustice which existed in America and abroad due to America's presence overseas. This entire process was accelerated when three members of the organization died in an explosion that occurred while one of the group was making bombs in the basement of a New York City townhouse on March 6, 1970. The group took its name from Bob Dylan's lyric, "You don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows", from the song "Subterranean Homesick Blues" (1965). '"[6] The protests did not meet Ayers' stated expectations. New York: Morrow & Co, Inc. No byline, UPI wire story, "Weathermen Got Name From Song: Groups Latest Designation Is Weather Underground", as published in. Weather Underground provides local & long-range weather forecasts, weather reports, maps & tropical weather conditions for locations worldwide The Weathermen emerged from the campus-based opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War and from the civil rights movementof the 1960s. This project was aimed at creating an interracial movement of the poor that would mobilize for full and fair employment or guaranteed annual income and political rights for poverty class Americans. [22][131], Boudin, Clark, and Gilbert were found guilty and sentenced to lengthy terms in prison. : Inside the Agency, p. 194. The first was to go underground and to begin a violent, armed struggle against the state without attempting to organize or mobilize a broad swath of the public. Some attacks were preceded by evacuation warnings, along with threats identifying the particular matter that the attack was intended to protest. [38] This experience was cited by both Kathy Boudin and Bernardine Dohrn as a major influence on their political development. The aftermath of an explosion in Greenwich Village on March 6, 1970, in which three members of the Weather Underground were killed while they were constructing a bomb. The Weather Underground Organization (WUO), whose members were often called Weatherman, was a radical leftist organization founded in 1969 and active through 1980. : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive", "Statement on Granting Pardons to W. Mark Felt and Edward S. Miller", "Weathermen Underground Summary Part #2", "The Brinks Robbery of 1981 - The Crime Library - Crime Library on". The Weather Underground Organization (WUO), whose members were often called Weatherman, was a radical leftist organization founded in 1969 and active through 1980. No stranger to severe weather, he has covered nearly every extreme weather event since he began at The Weather Channel in 2003, including the Joplin, Missouri tornado in 2011 and the El Reno, Oklahoma tornado in 2013. Revolutionary violence is the only way. [115] "I think this is justified and I'd do it again tomorrow," he said on the program. Martial arts were practiced and occasional direct actions were engaged in. Tell the members what you hope to get out of your weather station, how you'd like to use it, etc. Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS, (New York: Random House, 1973), 648. The police were prepared, and quickly isolated the rioters. The document called for creating a clandestine revolutionary party. [citation needed], In 2006, Dan Berger (writer, activist, and longtime anti-racism organizer)[68] states that following their initial set of bombings, which resulted in the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion, the organization adopted a new paradigm of direct action set forth in the communiqué New Morning, Changing Weather, which abjured attacks on people. The Weather Underground gets a little better when Green and Siegel have the members reminisce about the lessons they learned. The case did not go to trial and was dropped by the government for lack of evidence on December 11, 1980. Within 15 minutes, more than half the crowd had been arrested. They gained power at a 1969 national SDS convention and expelled members of a rival faction (the Progressive Labor Party and Worker Student Alliance). Seven Stories Press. sec. The May 19 Communist Organization continued in hiding as the clandestine organization. Member Account. Bringing the war home. 2006. p. 370. (Miller was fined $3,500. [98], On May 19, 1972, Ho Chi Minh's birthday, the Weather Underground placed a bomb in the women's bathroom in the Air Force wing of the Pentagon. [81] The judge's house had been under hourly police surveillance and an unidentified woman called the police a few minutes before the explosions to report several prowlers there, which resulted in a police car being sent immediately to the scene. [80] This decision reflected the splintering of SDS into hostile rival factions. They ultimately concluded that members of the Black Liberation Army were responsible, with whom WUO members were affiliated. The lyrics had been quoted at the bottom of an influential essay in the SDS newspaper, New Left Notes. government. Supporters of the RYM II movement, led by Klonsky and Noel Ignatin, held peaceful rallies in front of the federal courthouse, an International Harvester factory, and Cook County Hospital. [116], The indictment charged violations of Title 18, Section 241 of the United States Code. "The Right Punishment for F.B.I. The New Encyclopædia Britannica: in 32 Volumes by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. "Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues", "Byte Out of History: 1975 Terrorism Flashback: State Department Bombing", "S.F. Richard G. Braungart and Margret M. Braungart, "From Protest to Terrorism: The Case of the SDS and The Weathermen. In addition, the government did not want to reveal foreign intelligence secrets that a trial would require. 158-171. Weather Underground combines data from over 250,000+ personal weather stations and a proprietary forecast model to give you the most accurate and hyperlocal forecasts, at a microclimate level.
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