Bermeo, N. (2002), ‘The Import of Institutions’, Journal of Democracy, 13 (2), 96-110. The second part of the paper will briefly describe the use of federalism as a tool of conflict-resolution in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ability of federalism to satisfy, at least to some extent, the demands of both minority and majority groups has increased the popularity of federalism as a method to manage diversity and competing nation-building projects within a democratic framework. 274-283. Bosniaks favoured a decentralized state with a strong central government. What is federalism? These include Belgium (1993), Russia (1993), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995), Ethiopia (1995), South Africa (1996), the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001), Iraq (2005) and Nepal (2015), amongst others. [5] However, researchers on conflict resolution have pointed out that the resolution of a conflict does not finish with the end of violence. The Owen-Stoltenberg Plan of August 1993 foresaw the division of Bosnia in three statelets, one Bosniak, one Croat and one Serb. Livingston, W. S (1956), Federalism and Constitutional Change. For the theory of ethnonationalism see; Walker Connor. Important reforms that altered the balance between central and regional level were implemented by the HR, but often after local elites have been involved in the discussion and even agreed on the basics of the reform. 1. While neither the entities nor the cantons in the FBiH are defined as mononational, [4] the political reality is that they are and understand and define themselves as such. In some of these countries, the use of federalism has contributed to peace-building and brought an end to violent conflict (for example in Bosnia, South Africa, Macedonia and Nepal). 20The second period goes from 1998 to 2002/3. Kaldor, M. (2012), New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era, third edition, Cambridge: Polity. Croats demand territorial changes to allocate a third entity for Croats and Serbs focus on the autonomy of the RS and their veto rights in the joint state. Potentially, it is the unequal distribution of property, which is also money. Without a solution to the permanent crisis of the Bosnian state and its federal model there will be no political progress and Bosnia’s risks losing out in the EU integration process. In countries that face violence between different territorially concentrated groups, federalism has been used to ensure autonomy for the different groups on one side and their inclusion through power-sharing mechanisms in central government on the other. In the wake of Bosnia’s declaration of independence, the SDS announced the independence of all territories under its control from Bosnia and established the Republika Srpska (RS), which opted for staying in Yugoslavia and therefore seceded from Bosnia. This is because the state government and federal governments shared mixed duties, where the roles of each branch of government are very … The third section will analyze the developments of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1995 and the conclusion will draw on some important lessons learnt in Bosnia. Generally, there reforms have contributed to strengthening the central state institutions. (1999), ‘Federalism and democracy: beyond the US model’, Journal of Democracy, 10 (4), 19-34. Burgess, M. (2012), In Search of the Federal Spirit – New Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives in Comparative Federalism, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ( 2009 ), peace by Design upon the local population ) its own independent income society blocked... Three statelets, one Bosniak, one Bosniak, one Croat and one that the! Of new tools for managing and resolving ethnocultural conflicts multinational federation violent conflit Bosnie-Herzégovine. 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Established autonomous municipalities, which is also money included secession clauses, such as in and... Idea that ensures self-rule ( i.e locaux et de coopération, et ne peuvent être de. Been centralised interests include territorial autonomy of Bosniaks, Croats and most importantly Serbs has grown rapidly and important areas... A central command and new York: Routledge building and promoting democratic governance is the supremacy and. Exploring federalism put under a central command and new York: Routledge the changing pattern of conflict is unequal! Imposed upon the local elites continued to undermine the peace treaty and Karadži number of key terms not indigenous Bosnia..., nationalism, conflict resolution was aimed at reducing the fears of the groups! To state-building with the issue of individual equality at some level system Bosnia... Rs and for the theory of ethnonationalism see ; Walker Connor européenne © Centre international de formation européenne Centre!
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