[3] Part of the area was ruled by the Arab vassal state of the Ghassanids' symmachos. After capturing Emesa, Khalid moved north to capture Northern Syria, using his cavalry as an advance guard and raiding force. While Abu Ubaidah fought and defeated the Roman army in the Battle of Maraj-al-Rome, Khalid moved to Damascus with his cavalry and attacked and defeated Theodras there. At Shaizer, Khalid intercepted a convoy taking provisions for Chalcis. The Byzantine Empire fell in 1453 CE, greatly reducing Christian influence in the region, and Palestine was held by the Ottoman Turks. They are described as outlaws rather than invaders and past attempts by modern-day scholars to link the Habiru with the Hebrews have been discredited. When the emperor Constantine the Great (r.306-337 CE) legitimized Christianity and made it the state religion, Syria-Palaestina became a Christian province and an important center for the new faith. The lands were originally inhabited by nomadic hunter-gatherers who most likely immigrated from Mesopotamia but became sedentary agriculturalists by the Early Bronze Age (c.3300-c.2000 BCE). Abu Ubaidah sent Khalid with his mobile guard towards Chalcis. [12] Usama's expedition in May/June 632 was successful and his army was the first Muslim force to successfully invade and raid Byzantine territory. On the way, he had a narrow escape when Khalid, who had just captured Marash, was heading south towards Manbij. Yarmuk CE 636: The Muslim Conquest of Syria. The Muslim armies in Syria were in need of urgent reinforcement, so Khalid avoided the conventional route to Syria via Daumat ul Jandal, as it was the longer route, and would take weeks to reach Syria. The designations Philistia, Roman Judea, and Palestine were all in use afterwards. The drawback of this defense line was that it enabled the Muslims, advancing from the desert in the south, to reach as far north as Gaza before meeting regular Byzantine troops. CTWeekly delivers the best content from ChristianityToday.com to your inbox each week. In 132 CE, however, the Bar-Kochba Revolt (132-136 CE) broke out and proved the most costly to both sides (although the Judeans suffered the worse casualties with over 500,000 combatants killed, not counting many others). In 645–646, Sufyan bin Mujib Al-Azdi, appointed by Muawiyah, managed to seize Tripoli to eventually capture the last Byzantine stronghold on the Levantine coast.[29]. Abu Ubaidah withdrew all his forces from northern Syria to Emesa, and the Christians laid in a siege. The Byzantine army, composed of the survivors of Yarmouk and other Syrian campaigns, was defeated, retreating to Antioch, whereupon the Muslims besieged the city. To isolate the city from the rest of the region Khalid placed detachments south on the road to Palestine and in the north at the Damascus-Emesa route, and several other smaller detachments on routes towards Damascus. Following Herodotus’ use of the term in the 5th century BCE, other writers adopted it & `Palestine’ gradually replaced `Canaan’ as the name of the region. Meanwhile, Abu Ubaida ibn al-Jarrah, the supreme commander of the Muslim armies in Syria, had ordered Shurhabil ibn Hasana to attack Bosra. Nicolle, David (1994). With this strategic victory, the territory north of Chalcis lay open to the Muslims. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. Eventually, after the religious tension and conflict led to a forced migration by most of[6] the Jews towards places outside the control sphere of the Byzantine Empire (mostly under Heraclius), the majority of the indigenous and foreign populations presented in the land was Christianised, with a small Jewish and Samaritan (who were also heavily persecuted by the Christians with a struggle in the shape of the Samaritan revolts)[7] minorities remaining and an increasing number of Christian immigrants settling in the land.
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